The feeling of injustice and horror never left her. The experience convinced Meir that "this was happening to me because I was Jewish," as she recalled in her autobiography. When she was four years old Meir remembered her father nailing boards across the entrance of the family's home to guard against attacks. In the dark of night, Russians would roam the streets, shouting "Death to Jews." Some would break into Jewish homes and rob or harm the inhabitants. In the 1880s Russians began violent attacks on Jews, called pogroms. Stability, the Mabovitchs worried about their safety. Her father was trained as a carpenter, but was unable to find enough work to support his wife and three young daughters. Russians had imposed restrictions against Jews since the 1840s, and Meir's parents, Moshe and Bluma Mabovitch, found it difficult to make a living. Last name Meir in 1956, when Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion persuaded her to change her name to a more Hebrew-sounding name as a way of showing allegiance to Israel.) Meir's early childhood was marked by poverty and discrimination. Meir was born Golda Mabovitch on May 3, 1898, in Kiev, Ukraine, at the time a part of Russia. "We have always said that in our war with the Arabs we had a secret weapon-no alternative." Born into poverty Known as "the uncrowned queen of Israel" and "Mother Courage," Meir is one of Israel's most beloved leaders. For her efforts she earned a place in the hearts of her people. Her devotion to nation building took precedence over her marriage, her children, and sometimes her own health. All of these experiences fueled her fervent desire to create a homeland for the Jewish people. The events of her life included the persecution she felt during her childhood in Russia, her active participation in the budding Zionist movement (the movement to create a Jewish homeland) in the United States during her teenage years, and her pioneering move to Palestine in the 1920s. Over the previous forty-five years she had steadily risen through the political ranks, proving herself a strong, opinionated leader. Golda Meir (pronounced may-EAR) became the first woman to lead a modern nation when she was elected prime minister of Israel in 1969.
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